Thursday, 30 April 2020
Bright Buddies Club: Crossword on Life skills 30 April Activity
Happy Morning Bright Buddies,
Hope and wish all of you are fine. Let us solve a crossword on life skills today. I will upload solution by evening. Stay happy, enjoy the day, study, learn, grow, stay energized, stay connected. Attend all the lectures. stay connect wit your CM and friends....Stay blessed students, Have a nice day! - Dr.Chi
Research Methods Unit 1 Revision series Q&A: What do you mean by Research? Explain its objectives
What do you mean by
Research? Explain its objectives
(Source: Reference texts and search engines)
Research in common parlance refers to
a search for knowledge. Research simply seeks the answer of certain questions
which have not been answered so far and the answers depend upon human efforts.
In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation.
Meaning
of Research
·
Actually research is
simply the process of arriving as dependable solution to a problem through the
planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. TERM
RESEARCH The term ‘Research’ consists of two words: Research = Re + Search ‘Re’
means again and again and ‘Search’ means to find out something, the following
is the process: Person Observes → Again and again Phenomena Collection of data
→ Analysis of data ,Conclusions Therefore, research means to observe the
phenomena again and again from different dimensions.
Definition
of Research
·
P.M. Cook has given a very
comprehensive and functional definition of the term research “Research is an
honest exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or
implications with reference to a given problem. The product or findings of a
given piece of research should be an authentic, verifiable and contribution to
knowledge in the field studied.”
Objectives
of research
The research is being conducted with a purpose of discovering
answer to the question by making an application of scientific procedures. The
main object of the research work is to take out the hidden facts yet to be
discovered. Every research study has its own purpose to be attended, therefore
objectives of research can be broadly classified as academic and utility one.
The purpose of research is
to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures.
Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of
research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or
formulative research studies)
Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study (feasibility study / pilot study). Exploratory research is
defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly
defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing
problem, but will not provide conclusive results
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as
descriptive research studies);
Descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or programme, or provides information about , say, living condition of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue. Descriptive research is
defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the
population or phenomenon that is being studied. This methodology focuses more
on the “what” of the research subject rather than the “why” of the research
subject
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in
view are known as diagnostic research studies);
Diagnostic research studies
determine the frequency with which something occurs. The studies concerning
whether certain variables are associated are examples of diagnostic research
studies. For example, as with all branches of
clinical epidemiology, diagnostic research involves collecting information
about a large group of patients as a part of a clinical study which is then
used to form evidence that can be used to help clinicians and ultimately
patients in the future.
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal
relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing
research studies)
The purpose of explanatory
research is to increase the understanding of a researcher on a certain subject. Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon. Correlational research attempts to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/ interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation. In business research, from
the viewpoint of objectives, a research can be classified as descriptive,
correlational, explanatory and exploratory. In practice most studies are a combination of the first three categories.
Wednesday, 29 April 2020
Difference between Type I and Type II Error
The statistical practice of
hypothesis testing is widespread not only in statistics but also throughout the
natural and social sciences. When we conduct a hypothesis test there a couple
of things that could go wrong. There are
two kinds of errors, which by design cannot be avoided, and we must be aware
that these errors exist. The errors are given the quite pedestrian names of
type I and type II errors.
The first kind of error that is possible
involves the rejection of a null hypothesis that is actually true. This kind of
error is called a type I error and is sometimes called an error of the first
kind. On the other hand the other kind of error that is possible occurs when we
do not reject a null hypothesis that is false. This sort of error is called a
type II error and is also referred to as an error of the second kind. The differences are stated as under:-
1)
Hypothesis: Null hypothesis is related to type I error and Alternate hypothesis is related
to Type II error. In statistical
hypothesis testing, a type I error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis,
while a type II error is the non-rejection of a false null hypothesis.
2)
Occurrence: A type I error, also known as an error
of the first kind, occurs when the null hypothesis (H0) is true, but is
rejected. Type II error, also known as an error of the second kind, occurs when
the null hypothesis is false, but erroneously fails to be rejected. Type II
error means accepting the hypothesis which should have been rejected.
3)
Effect: Type I errors are equivalent to false
positives. Type II errors are equivalent to false negatives.
4)
Decision based on belief : A Type I error occurs
when we believe a falsehood. Type II error is committed when we fail to believe
a truth.
5)
Control: Type I errors can be controlled. The value
of alpha, which is related to the level of significance that we selected has a
direct bearing on type I errors.
6)
Rate of error:
The rate of the type I error is called the size of the test and denoted
by the Greek letter α (alpha).It usually equals the significance level of a
test. If type I error is fixed at 5 %, it means that there are about 5 chances in
100 that we will reject H0 when H0 is true. The probability of a type II error
is given by the Greek letter β (beta). This number is related to the power or
sensitivity of the hypothesis test, denoted by 1 – beta.
7)
Error avoidance: Type I and type II errors are part
of the process of hypothesis testing. Although the errors cannot be completely
eliminated, we can minimize one type of error. If we try to minimize one the
other increases and both are inversely related to each other.
8)
Testing used: Prescriptive testing is used to
increase the level of confidence, which in turn reduces Type I errors. Descriptive testing is used to better describe
the test condition and acceptance criteria, which in turn reduces Type II
errors.
9)
Level of confidence The chances of making a Type I
error are reduced by increasing the level of confidence.
Many statisticians are now adopting a third type of
error, a type III, which is where the null hypothesis was rejected for the wrong
reason. In an experiment, a researcher
might assume a hypothesis and perform research. After analyzing the results
statistically, the null is rejected. The problem is, that there may be some
relationship between the variables, but it could be for a different reason than
stated in the hypothesis. An unknown process may underlie the relationship.(Source: Reference material in Research Methodology in Social Science and search engines)
Bright Buddies Club Daily Activity : 29 April
Happy Morning Bright Buddies,
I Trust all are fine and in good spirits! The power of Trust is very important in life. Just sharing a small story to you, Enjoy! https://iyerchandra.blogspot.com/2020/04/power-of-trust.html
29 April 2020. Today's Activity is on Personal Hygiene. Please do solve!
Hope all of you will enjoy solving this! By evening i will share Answer key!
Stay home, Stay blessed - Dr.Chi
I Trust all are fine and in good spirits! The power of Trust is very important in life. Just sharing a small story to you, Enjoy! https://iyerchandra.blogspot.com/2020/04/power-of-trust.html
29 April 2020. Today's Activity is on Personal Hygiene. Please do solve!
Stay home, Stay blessed - Dr.Chi
Tuesday, 28 April 2020
Contributions of research to society
I.
Economics
(1)
Development or renewal of the economic
environment; adaptive capacity of the economy
(2)
Improved business capability or competitiveness
of individual companies
(3)
Improved prospects for employment or expert work
(4)
New business activity; attraction of investments
(5)
Other impact on the economy and economic renewal
II.
Science
: Health and well being
(6)
Improvement of healthcare
(7)
Management or prevention of health-related risks
(8)
Reduced morbidity or illness; improved physical
or mental health
(9)
Reduction of social problems; improved social
welfare
(10)
Other impact on health and wellbeing
III.
Social
Science
(11)
Development of environments supporting
creativity, experimentation and learning
(12)
Development of national or international community
(13)
Improved function of public institutions
(14)
Improvements related to other public services
(e.g. public security, transportation, social services)
(15)
Other impact on public institutions and services
(16)
Preparation of policy-making, legislation or
other regulations
(17)
Protection of cultural diversity; improved
cultural interaction or coexistence
(18)
Renewal of teaching curricula; educational
planning
(19)
Strengthening civilisation, citizen
participation or civil activity
(20)
Other impact on human capacities and culture
IV.
Environmental
Science
(21)
Management or prevention of environmental risks;
improved ecological resilience
(22)
Reduction of environmental stress; improved
state of the environment
(23)
Sustainability of the built environment,
infrastructures or land use
(24)
Sustainable use of natural resources; protection
of biodiversity
(25)
Other impact on the environment and natural
resources
Bright Buddies Club : Activity 28 Apr
Good Morning Bright Buddies....
Hope all are doing well.
Let me give you an activity to identify the words in the given puzzle square related to study skills.
Happy solving. By evening i will upload answer.
Enjoy the day, take care - Dr.Chi
Monday, 27 April 2020
Saturday, 25 April 2020
Friday, 24 April 2020
Thursday, 23 April 2020
How to write chapter 1 of your research project
1 Chapter 1: Introduction[Dr.Chi1]
1.1 Introduction[Dr.Chi2]
The Purpose of this section is to provide a
general introduction to the problem area. This section describes what is
planned in this research, rationale of the study, need for the study, a brief
view of the problem to be investigated and presentation of some supporting
literature.
1.1.1 What is planned in this research study
1.1.2 Rationale of the study
The rationale of your research is the
reason for conducting the study also referred to as the justification of the
study. This section includes details of background
on what all research has been done on your study topic, 'what is missing' and
'what are the open questions of the study'. This section closes with identifying
the gaps in the literature and emphasizing why it is important to address those
gaps
1.1.2.1 Background on what all research has been done on the study topic
1.1.2.2 What is missing?
1.1.2.3 Open questions of the research study
1.1.2.4 Identifying the gaps in the literature
1.1.2.5 Importance of addressing the gaps
1.1.3 Need for the study
This section indicates the gaps in the
literature that demand attention, Highlight potential contribution of the study
in improving practice, Justify how the study can improve policy or
decision-making and Testing existing untested theory
1.1.3.1 The gaps in the literature that demand attention
1.1.3.2 Highlight potential contribution of the study in improving practice
1.1.3.3 Justify how the study can improve policy or decision-making.
1.1.3.4 Testing existing untested theory
1.1.4 Presentation of some supporting literature
1.1.4.1 Research study 1:
1.1.4.2 Research study 2:
1.1.4.3 Research study 3:
1.1.4.4 Research study 4:
1.1.4.5 Research study 5:
1.1.5 A brief overview of the problem to be investigated
1.1.5.1 Problem 1:
1.1.5.2 Problem 2
1.1.5.3 Problem 3:
1.1.5.4 Problem 4:
1.2 Background of the study[Dr.Chi3]
This section describes the history and
background information of research problem. This section includes a review of
the area being researched, current information surrounding the issue, previous
studies on the issue, and relevant history on the issue.
1.2.1 A review of the area being researched
1.2.1.1 Origin
1.2.1.2 Development
1.2.1.3 Growth
1.2.2 Current information surrounding the issue
1.2.3 Previous studies on the issue
1.2.4 Relevant history on the issue
1.3 Problem Statement[Dr.Chi4]
A problem statement is a brief overview of
the issues or problems existing in the concerned area selected for the
research. It is an explanation of the issues prevalent in a particular sector
which drives the researcher to take interest in that sector for in-depth study
and analysis, so as to understand and solve them (Saunders et al. 2009).
1.3.1 Background of the Problem:
Here you can reflect on facts related to
the problem to make the reader understand about the gravity of the problem.
1.3.1.1 Understand about the gravity of the problem
1.3.1.2 Put the problem in context (what do we already know?)
1.3.2 Anchor:
How one needs to resolve this problem in
the research paper.
1.3.2.1 Describe the precise issue that the research will address (what do we need to know?)
1.3.2.2 Statistical value to magnify and elucidates the problem.
1.3.3 General problem:
How are impacts a larger population.
1.3.3.1 Show the relevance of the problem (why do we need to know it?)
1.3.4 Specific problem
How it impacts your sample population
1.3.4.1 Set the objectives of the research (what will you do to find out?)
1.4 Research Questions[Dr.Chi5]
Research question is the central question
of the study that has to be answered on the basis of research findings.
1.5 Research Aim and Objectives[Dr.Chi6]
Research objectives describe what we expect
to achieve by a research project. Achievement of research aim provides answer
to the research question. Research
objectives divide research aim into several parts and address each part
separately. Moreover, research aim specifies WHAT needs to be studied and
research objectives comprise a number of steps that address HOW research aim
will be achieved. The Research aim is
Evaluating the impact of
____________________________________ or
Assessing the level of
__________________________________________ or
Analysing the effects of
_____________________________________________
1.5.1 Research Objective 1:
Ø
Explore the underlying factors
of _____________________ or
Ø
Analyzing the nature of_________________________________________
or
Evaluate
________________________________ or
Assess the current level of
__________________________________ or
1.5.2 Research Objective 2:
Ø Identifying factors impacting the study of
_____________________________ or
Ø Assess the effects of ______________________________ or
Ø To study the factors influencing ________________________________
1.5.3 Research Objective 3:
Ø Analyzing impacts of the study on
________________________________________
Ø Analyzing influents of the study on
________________________________________
Ø Analyzing Relationship between
________________________________________
1.5.4 Research Objective 4:
Ø To formulated recommendation to _________________or
Ø To offer recommendation for _______________________________or
Ø To forecast the implications of ______________________________
1.6 Scope of the study[Dr.Chi7]
This section cover the
1.6.1 General purpose of the study
1.6.2 The population or sample that you are studying
1.6.3 The duration of the study
1.6.4 The geographical location covered in the study
1.6.5 Types of measurement scales used
1.6.6 Framing of hypothesis from research questions
1.6.7 The topics or theories discussed
1.6.8 Limitations of the study
1.6.9 Identifying research gap for analysis
Identification of research gap enables the
researcher to ascertain the research problem and scope of the study which in
turn is the key to success in a research project.
1.7 Significance of the Study[Dr.Chi8]
This section provides details on how the
study will contribute such as what the study will contribute and who will
benefit from it. It also includes an explanation of the work's importance as
well as its potential benefits.
1.7.1 Contributions of this study
1.7.2 Importance of this research study
1.7.3 The potential benefits
1.8 Definition of Key Terms[Dr.Chi9]
1.9 Chapterisation schemes[Dr.Chi10]
[Dr.Chi1]Around 20 pages
[Dr.Chi2]2 to 3 pages
[Dr.Chi3]Not more than 2 pages
[Dr.Chi8]2 to 3 pages
[Dr.Chi10]1 page
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